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sonable duty cycle of only 15% is suﬃcient for an acceptable

discovery latency. Another 36mW are dissipated by the volt-

age regulator. In total the PMM consumes less than 117mW.

The embedded Linux-system adds an amount of 5000mW

average when it is running.

Component I [mA] P [mW] Duty Cycle

uC 3 12.375 100 %

XBee 110 453.75 15 %

Voltage Reg. 3 36 100 %

Total 116.4375 mW

5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK

The combination of a solar charging circuit with a low

power radio for discovery and remote wakup mechanisms

into a single module beneﬁts from synergies, e.g. only a single

MCU and a single voltage regulator is required. Therefore,

our design has lower physical dimensions, costs, and a lower

energy consumption than seperate modules for charging,

swiching, metering and discovery.

The range measurements have shown that the range of

the discovery radio exceeds 802.11a and therefore our design

works as intended. For mobile scenarios a sleeping node can

be booted up before the 802.11a contact starts. For future

work we plan the evaluation of several other discovery radios,

especially since most of the PMM’s energy consumption is

caused by the radio. To extend the range of the 802.15.4

radio, an external antenna can be used. Another possible

approach is to implement scheduled deep sleep modes with a

very low duty cycle, in which the radio listens only every few

minutes for a wakup signal. However, this would increase

the latency and might therefore not be acceptable for some

applications.

Another area of future work is the development of an

interface between the PMM control daemon and the DTN

bundle protocol agent. This allows for energy aware DTN

routing and the integration of bundle priorities into the

wakeup strategies. Moreover, since the DTN node can direcly

access the PMM’s radio, a low bandwidth convergence layer

could be implemented that uses the PMM’s radio. Another

interesting approach is that the PMM could receive and

buﬀer bundles while the DTN-node sleeps or is in the process

of booting up.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported in part by the European Regional

Development Fund under project number W2-80028895.

7. REFERENCES

[1] N. Banerjee, M. D. Corner, and B. N. Levine, “Design

and Field Experimentation of an Energy-Eﬃcient

Architecture for DTN Throwboxes,” IEEE/ACM

Transactions on Networking, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 554–567,

April 2010.

[2] E. Meehan and K. Hartnett, “N4c dtn node user

documentation, dtn node build,” Report, 3 2011.

[Online]. Available: http://www.n4c.eu/Download/

n4c-wp5-052-dtn-node-build-12%5B1%5D.pdf

[3] S. Farrell, “N4c dtn node design,” Report, 5 2009.

[Online]. Available: http:

//www.n4c.eu/Download/n4c-tcd-006-d5 1-FINAL.pdf

[4] S. Farrell, S. Weber, A. McMahon, E. Meehan, and

K. Hartnett, “An n4c dtn router node design,” in 1st

Extreme Workshop on Communication, Laponia,

Sweden, August 8-14 2009., aug 2009.

[5]

Digi International Inc., “XBee/XBee-PRO RF Modules,”

Datasheet, Minnetonka, USA, Sep. 2009. [Online].

Available: http:

//ftp1.digi.com/support/documentation/90000982 B.pdf

[6] M. Doering, S. Lahde, J. Morgenroth, and L. Wolf,

“Ibr-dtn: an eﬃcient implementation for embedded

systems,” in Proceedings of the third ACM workshop on

Challenged networks, ser. CHANTS ’08. New York, NY,

USA: ACM, 2008, pp. 117–120. [Online]. Available:

http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1409985.1410008

[7] Atmel Corporation, “AVR2016: RZRAVEN Hardware

User’s Guide,” Application Note, San Jose, USA, Apr.

2008. [Online]. Available: http://www.atmel.com/dyn/

resources/prod documents/doc8117.pdf

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